请高手帮帮忙给讲讲sql中触发器如何使用
请高手帮帮忙给讲讲sql中触发器如何使用，
在什么情况下应用，它跟事务有什么联系吗？
能否给写一个实例。
问题点数：0、回复次数：7Top
1 楼zoulipeng（蚂蚁踩死大象）回复于 2004-04-02 20:04:13 得分 0
触发器,满足条件后就自动触发了..Top
2 楼progress99（如履薄冰）回复于 2004-04-02 20:09:34 得分 0
创建触发器，触发器是一种特殊的存储过程，在用户试图对指定的表执行指定的数据修改语句时自动执行。
觸發器會隱式啟動事務，故在觸發器中不用顯示使用 begin tran ...
语法
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
ON { table | view }
[ WITH ENCRYPTION ]
{
{ { FOR | AFTER | INSTEAD OF } { [ INSERT ] [ , ] [ UPDATE ] }
[ WITH APPEND ]
[ NOT FOR REPLICATION ]
AS
[ { IF UPDATE ( column )
[ { AND | OR } UPDATE ( column ) ]
[ ...n ]
| IF ( COLUMNS_UPDATED ( ) { bitwise_operator } updated_bitmask )
{ comparison_operator } column_bitmask [ ...n ]
} ]
sql_statement [ ...n ]
}
}
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3 楼progress99（如履薄冰）回复于 2004-04-02 20:09:48 得分 0
示例
A. 使用带有提醒消息的触发器
当有人试图在 titles 表中添加或更改数据时，下例将向客户端显示一条消息。
说明 消息 50009 是 sysmessages 中的用户定义消息。有关创建用户定义消息的更多信息，请参见 sp_addmessage。
USE pubs
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects
WHERE name = 'reminder' AND type = 'TR')
DROP TRIGGER reminder
GO
CREATE TRIGGER reminder
ON titles
FOR INSERT, UPDATE
AS RAISERROR (50009, 16, 10)
GO
B. 使用带有提醒电子邮件的触发器
当 titles 表更改时，下例将电子邮件发送给指定的人员 (MaryM)。
USE pubs
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects
WHERE name = 'reminder' AND type = 'TR')
DROP TRIGGER reminder
GO
CREATE TRIGGER reminder
ON titles
FOR INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
AS
EXEC master..xp_sendmail 'MaryM',
'Don''t forget to print a report for the distributors.'
GO
C. 在 employee 和 jobs 表之间使用触发器业务规则
由于 CHECK 约束只能引用定义了列级或表级约束的列，表间的任何约束（在下例中是指业务规则）都必须定义为触发器。
下例创建一个触发器，当插入或更新雇员工作级别 (job_lvls) 时，该触发器检查指定雇员的工作级别（由此决定薪水）是否处于为该工作定义的范围内。若要获得适当的范围，必须引用 jobs 表。
USE pubs
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects
WHERE name = 'employee_insupd' AND type = 'TR')
DROP TRIGGER employee_insupd
GO
CREATE TRIGGER employee_insupd
ON employee
FOR INSERT, UPDATE
AS
/* Get the range of level for this job type from the jobs table. */
DECLARE @min_lvl tinyint,
@max_lvl tinyint,
@emp_lvl tinyint,
@job_id smallint
SELECT @min_lvl = min_lvl,
@max_lvl = max_lvl,
@emp_lvl = i.job_lvl,
@job_id = i.job_id
FROM employee e INNER JOIN inserted i ON e.emp_id = i.emp_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id = i.job_id
IF (@job_id = 1) and (@emp_lvl <> 10)
BEGIN
RAISERROR ('Job id 1 expects the default level of 10.', 16, 1)
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
END
ELSE
IF NOT (@emp_lvl BETWEEN @min_lvl AND @max_lvl)
BEGIN
RAISERROR ('The level for job_id:%d should be between %d and %d.',
16, 1, @job_id, @min_lvl, @max_lvl)
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
END
D. 使用延迟名称解析
下例创建两个触发器以说明延迟名称解析。
USE pubs
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects
WHERE name = 'trig1' AND type = 'TR')
DROP TRIGGER trig1
GO
-- Creating a trigger on a nonexistent table.
CREATE TRIGGER trig1
on authors
FOR INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
AS
SELECT a.au_lname, a.au_fname, x.info
FROM authors a INNER JOIN does_not_exist x
ON a.au_id = x.au_id
GO
-- Here is the statement to actually see the text of the trigger.
SELECT o.id, c.text
FROM sysobjects o INNER JOIN syscomments c
ON o.id = c.id
WHERE o.type = 'TR' and o.name = 'trig1'
-- Creating a trigger on an existing table, but with a nonexistent
-- column.
USE pubs
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects
WHERE name = 'trig2' AND type = 'TR')
DROP TRIGGER trig2
GO
CREATE TRIGGER trig2
ON authors
FOR INSERT, UPDATE
AS
DECLARE @fax varchar(12)
SELECT @fax = phone
FROM authors
GO
-- Here is the statement to actually see the text of the trigger.
SELECT o.id, c.text
FROM sysobjects o INNER JOIN syscomments c
ON o.id = c.id
WHERE o.type = 'TR' and o.name = 'trig2'
E. 使用 COLUMNS_UPDATED
下例创建两个表：一个 employeeData 表和一个 auditEmployeeData 表。人力资源部的成员可以修改 employeeData 表，该表包含敏感的雇员薪水信息。如果更改了雇员的社会保险号码 (SSN)、年薪或银行帐户，则生成审核记录并插入到 auditEmployeeData 审核表。
通过使用 COLUMNS_UPDATED() 功能，可以快速测试对这些包含敏感雇员信息的列所做的更改。只有在试图检测对表中的前 8 列所做的更改时，COLUMNS_UPDATED() 才起作用。
USE pubs
IF EXISTS(SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'employeeData')
DROP TABLE employeeData
IF EXISTS(SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'auditEmployeeData')
DROP TABLE auditEmployeeData
GO
CREATE TABLE employeeData (
emp_id int NOT NULL,
emp_bankAccountNumber char (10) NOT NULL,
emp_salary int NOT NULL,
emp_SSN char (11) NOT NULL,
emp_lname nchar (32) NOT NULL,
emp_fname nchar (32) NOT NULL,
emp_manager int NOT NULL
)
GO
CREATE TABLE auditEmployeeData (
audit_log_id uniqueidentifier DEFAULT NEWID(),
audit_log_type char (3) NOT NULL,
audit_emp_id int NOT NULL,
audit_emp_bankAccountNumber char (10) NULL,
audit_emp_salary int NULL,
audit_emp_SSN char (11) NULL,
audit_user sysname DEFAULT SUSER_SNAME(),
audit_changed datetime DEFAULT GETDATE()
)
GO
CREATE TRIGGER updEmployeeData
ON employeeData
FOR update AS
/*Check whether columns 2, 3 or 4 has been updated. If any or all of columns 2, 3 or 4 have been changed, create an audit record. The bitmask is: power(2,(2-1))+power(2,(3-1))+power(2,(4-1)) = 14. To check if all columns 2, 3, and 4 are updated, use = 14 in place of >0 (below).*/
IF (COLUMNS_UPDATED() & 14) > 0
/*Use IF (COLUMNS_UPDATED() & 14) = 14 to see if all of columns 2, 3, and 4 are updated.*/
BEGIN
-- Audit OLD record.
INSERT INTO auditEmployeeData
(audit_log_type,
audit_emp_id,
audit_emp_bankAccountNumber,
audit_emp_salary,
audit_emp_SSN)
SELECT 'OLD',
del.emp_id,
del.emp_bankAccountNumber,
del.emp_salary,
del.emp_SSN
FROM deleted del
-- Audit NEW record.
INSERT INTO auditEmployeeData
(audit_log_type,
audit_emp_id,
audit_emp_bankAccountNumber,
audit_emp_salary,
audit_emp_SSN)
SELECT 'NEW',
ins.emp_id,
ins.emp_bankAccountNumber,
ins.emp_salary,
ins.emp_SSN
FROM inserted ins
END
GO
/*Inserting a new employee does not cause the UPDATE trigger to fire.*/
INSERT INTO employeeData
VALUES ( 101, 'USA-987-01', 23000, 'R-M53550M', N'Mendel', N'Roland', 32)
GO
/*Updating the employee record for employee number 101 to change the salary to 51000 causes the UPDATE trigger to fire and an audit trail to be produced.*/
UPDATE employeeData
SET emp_salary = 51000
WHERE emp_id = 101
GO
SELECT * FROM auditEmployeeData
GO
/*Updating the employee record for employee number 101 to change both the bank account number and social security number (SSN) causes the UPDATE trigger to fire and an audit trail to be produced.*/
UPDATE employeeData
SET emp_bankAccountNumber = '133146A0', emp_SSN = 'R-M53550M'
WHERE emp_id = 101
GO
SELECT * FROM auditEmployeeData
GO
F. 使用 COLUMNS_UPDATED 测试 8 列以上
如果必须测试影响到表中前 8 列以外的列的更新时，必须使用 UBSTRING 函数测试由 COLUMNS_UPDATED 返回的适当的位。下例测试影响 Northwind.dbo.Customers 表中的第 3、第 5 或第 9 列的更新。
USE Northwind
DROP TRIGGER tr1
GO
CREATE TRIGGER tr1 ON Customers
FOR UPDATE AS
IF ( (SUBSTRING(COLUMNS_UPDATED(),1,1)=power(2,(3-1))
+ power(2,(5-1)))
AND (SUBSTRING(COLUMNS_UPDATED(),2,1)=power(2,(1-1)))
)
PRINT 'Columns 3, 5 and 9 updated'
GO
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName=ContactName,
Address=Address,
Country=Country
GO
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4 楼progress99（如履薄冰）回复于 2004-04-02 20:10:28 得分 0
以上過程可在 pubs數據庫中測試。Top
5 楼quansui（叶子）回复于 2004-04-03 01:46:40 得分 0
学习Top
6 楼maxin0212（手中的沙）回复于 2004-04-03 10:16:33 得分 0
谢谢楼上的！upTop
7 楼yongyupost2000（阿鱼）回复于 2004-04-05 17:16:54 得分 0
触发器的优点如下：
触发器可通过数据库中的相关表实现级联更改；不过，通过级联引用完整性约束可以更有效地执行这些更改。
触发器可以强制比用 CHECK 约束定义的约束更为复杂的约束。
与 CHECK 约束不同，触发器可以引用其它表中的列。例如，触发器可以使用另一个表中的 SELECT 比较插入或更新的数据，以及执行其它操作，如修改数据或显示用户定义错误信息。
触发器也可以评估数据修改前后的表状态，并根据其差异采取对策。
一个表中的多个同类触发器（INSERT、UPDATE 或 DELETE）允许采取多个不同的对策以响应同一个修改语句。
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