--参考下

SQL> select to_char('1','00') from dual;

TO_CHAR('1','00')
-----------------
 01

SQL> select to_char('11','00') from dual;

TO_CHAR('11','00')
------------------
 11

SQL> 

SQL> select replace('TLM_KERL_TZ_1-17-1-0102 ','1-','01-') from dual;
 
REPLACE('TLM_KERL_TZ_1-17-1-01
------------------------------
TLM_KERL_TZ_01-17-01-0102

update XXX t set t.A = substr(t.A, 1, 12) || '0' || substr(t.A, 13, 11)

update 表名 set a=replace(a,substr(a,instr(a,'_',-1,1)-1,2),substr(a,instr(a,'_',-1,1)-1,2)||'0');
update 表名 set a=replace(a,substr(a,instr(a,'-',-1,2)-2,3),substr(a,instr(a,'-',-1,2)-2,3)||'0');

update 表名 set 
    a=regexp_replace(
                     a,
                     regexp_substr(a,'[[:digit:]]{1,2}-..-'),
                     rpad(lpad(regexp_subst(a,'[[:digit:]]{1,2}-..-'),6,'0'),7,'0')
                     );